Energy Dilemma: Balancing Coal Reserves and Green ...

Energy Dilemma: Balancing Coal Reserves and Green Energy Goals

Oscar J. Jeke

Zim Now Reporter

Zimbabwe faces a critical crossroads in its energy strategy, grappling with the need to leverage its vast coal reserves while transitioning to green energy to meet global climate commitments. The challenge is balancing immediate energy demands with long-term sustainability goals.

The Coal Conundrum

Zimbabwe boasts substantial coal reserves, estimated at 25 billion tonnes, primarily located in Hwange. These reserves have long underpinned the country's energy security and industrial growth.

In 2019, coal production reached approximately 2.3 million tonnes, and in 2021, coal contributed around 60% of electricity generation, highlighting its central role in the national energy mix. Projects like the Lubu Coal Project signify the sector's growth potential.

However, reliance on coal comes at a cost. While the resource offers a readily available energy solution, its environmental consequences and the global drive to phase out fossil fuels present challenges. Agreements like COP28’s call for net-zero emissions by 2050 intensify the pressure, leaving Zimbabwe to navigate the fine line between meeting energy demands and addressing climate obligations.

Balancing Economic and Environmental Pressures

Zimbabwe's energy landscape is shaped by dual economic pressures. Energy Shortages: Chronic power shortages and aging infrastructure hinder industrial growth and economic recovery, making energy security a pressing concern.

. Global Climate Commitments: Zimbabwe’s commitments under the Paris Agreement necessitate reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, a rapid shift away from coal without adequate alternatives could exacerbate energy poverty.

Towards a Balanced Energy Strategy

The Zimbabwean government is adopting a balanced approach, combining coal utilization with investments in renewable energy technologies. This strategy aims to address immediate energy needs while gradually transitioning to cleaner energy sources.

Solar energy has gained momentum due to Zimbabwe’s abundant sunlight. Solar farms and private investments in solar projects are expanding, though the scale remains insufficient to fully replace coal. Wind and hydropower also hold potential, with ongoing discussions on their integration into the energy mix.

To minimize the environmental impact of coal, the government is exploring carbon capture and storage technologies. This approach allows for continued coal use while reducing emissions.

President Emmerson Mnangagwa underscores the importance of a diversified energy mix, leveraging partnerships to achieve energy goals. These collaborations aim to bridge funding gaps and drive innovation in renewable energy projects.

Gloria Magodo, Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Energy and Power Development, emphasizes the need for clear regulatory frameworks and significant infrastructure investment. Financing remains a challenge, with many African nations skeptical of the adequacy of pledges like COP29’s US$300 billion annual green transition fund for developing countries.

Shakemore Timburwa, Chegutu West legislator, highlights the importance of coal in Africa’s industrialization, noting, “Thermal power remains a vital and reliable energy source. Africa contributes the least to global carbon emissions, and rapid transitions without sufficient support risk exacerbating energy poverty.”

The country's energy future hinges on balancing its coal resources with green energy aspirations. While coal remains a crucial energy source for now, the government’s push to diversify energy sources signals a commitment to sustainability.

Achieving this balance will require substantial investment, policy clarity, and international support to ensure energy security without compromising environmental goals.